![]() ![]() 10–14 A comprehensive review of the detection methods can be found in ref. Several other methods based on nanotechnology and 2-D materials have also been reported. 8,9 This method is very promising but is still in an early stage. 3–7 Recently, the development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based diagnostics has been used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Developments include immunological methods, such as Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs), chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs), lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), and multiple others. Recent improvements have cut down the response time significantly and there has been a very rapid advance in new testing methods. Additionally, this technique requires the use of DNA-binding dyes, which sometimes are difficult to obtain. However, it has a relatively long turnaround time, requires expensive equipment, and involves highly trained scientists. 2 This technique detects viral RNA regions, and it is highly sensitive and very specific. 1 The most common test used to detect the virus is the real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction RT-qPCR utilizing nasal or pharyngeal swabs or saliva. Early diagnosis of viral infection allows rapid intervention, disease management, and substantial control of the rapid spread of the disease. Introduction The number of cases of COVID-19 and its associated mortality have raised serious concerns worldwide. This will be an example of application of nanotechnology and properties of nanoparticles for health and social related matters. It is also clear that SERS can be used for analysis of structural changes on the S and N proteins. The test will be fast, inexpensive, and reliable. It is believed that a clinical test using SERS can be developed. We demonstrate that the spectra are mainly composed by signals from the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. We demonstrate that using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) of virion particles a very distinct spectroscopic signature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be obtained. ![]() In the present paper we suggest the use of methods based on physics that leverage novel nanomaterials. Most of the testing techniques are based on biochemistry methods and require chemicals that are often expensive and the supply might become scarce in a large crisis. This need has generated a high number of new testing methods aimed at replacing RT-PCR, which is the golden standard for testing. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the critical need for accurate and rapid testing for virus detection. E-mail: b Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, AZ, USA c Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Mexico d Department of Chemistry, Northern, Arizona University, AZ, USA e Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, AZ, USA f Center for Materials Interfaces Research and Applications for Materials (¡MIRA!), Northern Arizona University, AZ, USA Paul Keim b and Miguel Jose Yacaman * af a Applied Physics and Materials Science Department (APMS), Northern Arizona University, AZ, USA. The results show the samples are beneficial for microwave and high-frequency applications.RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 25788-25794 Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its S and N proteins using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy † The materials are semiconducting with bandgap energy E g = 1.875 eV. All emissions were visible (red) in the Photoluminescence (PL) spectra, which had a wavelength close to 661 nm. Changes in Raman spectra versus levels of substitution of Sm and Co concentrations are linked to the variation of strain in the unit cell. Raman spectroscopy detected all the associated vibrational and rotational modes in the samples. The samples' lattice parameters, crystallite size, volume, X-ray density, bulk density, porosity, dislocation density, and micro strain were also calculated from XRD data. M-type phase with a hexagonal structure was obtained along with the single peak of the impurity phase (α-Fe 2O 3). The samples were examined using the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Raman, and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Sol-gel auto-combustion process was used to synthesize M-type hexagonal ferrite powder samples with the chemical formula Ba 0.3Sr 0.7-xCo xFe 12-ySm yO 19 (x = 0–0.5, y = 0–0.05). ![]()
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